Handbook of contemporary English 3: Grammar

Sadržaj

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9

1. BASIC TERMINOLOGY AND CORE CONCEPTS……………………………………………. 11

1.1. PARTS OF SPEECH……………………………………………………………………………….. 11
1.1.1. Open class items………………………………………………………………………… 11
1.1.2. Closed class items………………………………………………………………………. 11
1.2. TOWARDS FORMING A SENTENCE…………………………………………………….. 12
1.3. SENTENCE ELEMENTS………………………………………………………………………… 13
1.3.1. Syntactic functions of sentence elements and their realization…………. 14
1.4. CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS……………………………………………………………….. 16
1.5. CLAUSE AND SENTENCE……………………………………………………………………. 17
1.5.1 Types of sentence……………………………………………………………………….. 18
EXERCIES…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19

2. THE SIMPLE SENTENCE…………………………………………………………………………………. 25

2.1. TYPES OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCE…………………………………………………….. 27
2.1.1. Statements………………………………………………………………………………… 28
2.1.2. Questions………………………………………………………………………………….. 28
2.1.2.1. Yes-no-questions………………………………………………………….. 28
2.1.2.2. Tag questions……………………………………………………………….. 29
2.1.2.3. Declarative questions……………………………………………………. 30
2.1.2.4. Wh- questions………………………………………………………………. 30
2.1.2.5. Alternative questions…………………………………………………….. 31
2.1.2.6. Exclamatory questions………………………………………………….. 32
2.1.2.7. Rhetorical questions……………………………………………………… 32
2.1.3. Commands………………………………………………………………………………… 32
2.1.4. Exclamations…………………………………………………………………………….. 33
2.2. CONCORD……………………………………………………………………………………………. 33
2.2.1. Subject-verb concord………………………………………………………………….. 34
2.2.1.1. Collective nouns…………………………………………………………… 34
2.2.1.2. Coordinated subject………………………………………………………. 34
2.2.1.3. Clausal subjects……………………………………………………………. 34
2.2.1.4. Either …or, neither …nor………………………………………………… 35
2.2.1.5. Indefinite expressions of amount……………………………………. 35
2.2.2. Subject-complement concord………………………………………………………. 36
2.2.3. Subject-object concord……………………………………………………………….. 36
2.2.4. Pronoun concord……………………………………………………………………….. 36
2.3. NEGATION……………………………………………………………………………………………. 36
EXERCISES…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39

3. COMPOUND SENTENCE…………………………………………………………………………………. 51

3.1. COORDINATOR AND……………………………………………………………………………. 51
3.2. COORDINATOR BUT……………………………………………………………………………. 51
3.3. COORDINATOR OR………………………………………………………………………………. 52
3.4. COORDINATORS EITHER … OR, NEITHER … NOR, AND BOTH … AND. 52
EXERCISES…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 54

4. COMPLEX SENTENCE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 57

4.1. INDICATORS OF SUBORDINATION……………………………………………………… 57
4.2. TYPES OF THE DEPENDENT CLAUSE…………………………………………………. 58
4.3. STRUCTURAL TYPES OF THE DEPENDENT CLAUSE…………………………. 59
4.4. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES……………… 60
4.5. NOMINAL CLAUSES……………………………………………………………………………. 60
4.5.1. That clauses………………………………………………………………………………. 61
4.5.2. Wh- interrogative clauses……………………………………………………………. 61
4.5.3. Yes-no interrogative clauses………………………………………………………… 62
4.5.4. Nominal relative clauses…………………………………………………………….. 62
4.5.5. Non-finite nominal clauses………………………………………………………….. 63
4.5.5.1. To-infinitive nominal clauses…………………………………………. 63
4.5.5.2. Bare infinitive………………………………………………………………. 64
4.5.5.3. –Ing participle……………………………………………………………… 64
4.5.5.4. Verbless clauses……………………………………………………………. 65
4.6. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES………………………………………………………………………… 65
4.6.1. Clauses of time………………………………………………………………………….. 66
4.6.2. Clauses of place…………………………………………………………………………. 66
4.6.3. Clauses of condition…………………………………………………………………… 67
4.6.4. Clauses of concession…………………………………………………………………. 67
4.6.5. Conditional-concessive clauses……………………………………………………. 68
4.6.6. Clauses of reason and cause………………………………………………………… 68
4.6.7. Clauses of circumstance……………………………………………………………… 69
4.6.8. Clauses of purpose…………………………………………………………………….. 69
4.6.9. Clauses of result………………………………………………………………………… 70
4.6.10. Clauses of manner……………………………………………………………………. 70
4.6.11. Clauses of comparison………………………………………………………………. 70
4.6.12. Clauses of proportion……………………………………………………………….. 71
4.6.13. Clauses of preference……………………………………………………………….. 71
4.7. COMPARATIVE SENTENCES……………………………………………………………….. 72
EXERCISES…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 74

5. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES………………………………………………………………………………… 83

5.1. REAL CONDITIONALS…………………………………………………………………………. 83
5.2. UNREAL CONDITIONALS……………………………………………………………………. 85
5.2.1. Hypothetical conditionals……………………………………………………………. 85
5.2.2. Counterfactual conditionals…………………………………………………………. 86
5.2.3. Exceptional conditionals…………………………………………………………….. 87
5.3. MEANING OF CONDITIONAL CLAUSES……………………………………………… 88
EXERCISES…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 91

6. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH…………………………………………………………………… 87

6.1. WAYS OF REPORTING………………………………………………………………………….. 98
EXERCISES……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 105

7. RELATIVE CLAUSES……………………………………………………………………………………… 113

7.1. FUNCTIONS OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS…………………………………………….. 115
7.2. TYPES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES…………………………………………………………. 117
7.3. MEANING OF RELATIVE CLAUSES…………………………………………………… 119
7.4. NON-FINITE RELATIVE CLAUSE CONSTRUCTIONS………………………… 120
EXERCISES……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 122

8. VERB PHRASE IN THE DEPENDENT CLAUSE…………………………………………….. 131
EXERCISES……………………………………………………………………………………………… 134

CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH – GRAMMAR 3 FINAL TEST (max. 96.5)…………… 141

BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………………………… 147

RECENZIJE………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 149