The basics of English language teaching

Sadržaj

CONTENTS
PREFACE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9
1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11
1.1. Approaches to Foreign Language Teaching…………………………………………………….. 11
1.2 Teaching Methods……………………-………………………………………………………………….. 13
1.2.1 The Grammar Translation Method…………………………………………………….. 14
1.2.2 The Direct Method…………………………………………………………………………… 15
1.2.3 The Audio-Lingual Method (AL)………………………………………………………. 17
1.2.4 The Silent Way (SW)……………………………………………………………………….. 19
1.2.5 Suggestopedia…………………………………………………………………………………. 21
1.2.6 Community Language Learning (CLL)………………………………………………. 22
1.2.7 Total Physical Response (TPR)…………………………………………………………. 24
1.2.8 The Natural Approach………………………………………………………………………. 26
1.3 The Communicative Approach – Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)………. 27
1.4 Recent Approaches…………………………………………………………………. 30
1.4.1 Content Based Instruction (CBI)…………………………………………. 30
1.4.2 Task Based Instruction (TBI)……………………………………………… 32
2 FACTORS INFLUENCE FOREIGN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION…………………… 35
2.1 Age………………………………………………………………………………….. 35
2.1.1 The Critical Period Hypothesis…………………………………………… 36
2.1.2 Cognitive Maturity………………………………………………………… 37
2.2 Cognitive Factors…………………………………………………………………… 39
2.2.1 Language Aptitude………………………………………………………… 40
2.3 Retention and Forgetting……………………………………………………………. 41
2.3.1 How to Improve Retention………………………………………………… 43
2.4 Affective Factors……………………………………………………………………. 44
2.4.1 Self-Esteem……………………………………………………………….. 45
2.4.2 Inhibition………………………………………………………………….. 46
2.4.3 Anxiety……………………………………………………………………. 47
2.4.4 Risk Taking……………………………………………………………….. 49
2.4.5 Extroversion and Introversion…………………………………………….. 50
2.4.6 Empathy…………………………………………………………………… 51
2.5 Motivation…………………………………………………………………………… 52
2.5.1 The Socio-Educational Model of Motivation…………………………….. 52
2.5.2 The Self-Determination Theory of Motivation…………………………… 53
2.5.3 The Process Model of Motivation………………………………………… 55
2.5.4 Raising Motivation in the Classroom…………………………………….. 56
2.6 Learning Styles……………………………………………………………………… 57
2.6.1 Cognitive Styles – Field (In)Dependence………………………………… 58
2.6.2 Perceptual Styles………………………………………………………….. 59
2.6.3 Other Learning Styles in FLT Methodology……………………………… 60
2.6.4 Pedagogical Implications…………………………………………………. 61
2.7 Learning Strategies…………………………………………………………………. 62
2.7.1 Oxford’s Self-Regulation Model of Strategy Use………………………… 65
2.7.2 Teaching Strategies……………………………………………………….. 66
3 PLANNING TEACHING…………………………………………………………………… 69
3.1 Syllabus……………………………………………………………………………… 69
3.1.1 Content Ordering…………………………………………………………. 71
3.2 Work Plan…………………………………………………………………………… 72
3.3 Resource Materials………………………………………………………………….. 73
3.3.1 The Coursebook…………………………………………………………… 75
3.4 Lesson Planning…………………………………………………………………….. 76
4 LEARNER GROUPS……………………………………………………………………….. 79
4.1 Teaching Large Classes…………………………………………………………….. 79
4.1.1 Teaching Mixed-Ability Classes………………………………………….. 80
4.2 Teaching Children…………………………………………………………………… 82
4.3 Teaching Teenagers and Adults…………………………………………………….. 86
4.3.1 Teaching teenagers………………………………………………………… 87
4.3.2 Teaching Adults…………………………………………………………… 88
4.4. Teaching Online……………………………………………………………………. 90
5 THE ROLE OF THE TEACHER………………………………………………………….. 95
5.1 Instructors, Facilitators and Mediators……………………………………………… 95
5.2 Developing Critical Thinking Skills………………………………………………… 98
5.3 Creating a Positive Learning Atmosphere………………………………………… 100
5.4 Establishing Discipline……………………………………………………………. 103
5.5 Providing Comprehensible Input………………………………………………….. 105
5.6 Error Correction…………………………………………………………………… 107
5.7 Classroom Management…………………………………………………………… 110
5.7.1 Organising Activities……………………………………………………. 110
5.7.2 Grouping Students and Arranging Seating……………………………… 112
5.7.3 Providing Clear Input……………………………………………………. 116
5.7.4 Making On-the-Spot Decisions………………………………………….. 117
6 CONTENT OF TEACHING……………………………………………………………… 121
6.1 Teaching Grammar………………………………………………………………… 122
6.1.1 Contemporary Approach to Teaching Grammar………………………… 123
6.1.2 Presentation……………………………………………………………… 125
6.1.3 Practice…………………………………………………………………… 126
6.1.4 Production……………………………………………………………….. 130
6.2 Teaching Vocabulary……………………………………………………………… 135
6.2.1 Presentation……………………………………………………………… 138
6.2.2 Practice…………………………………………………………………… 139
6.2.3 Production……………………………………………………………….. 140
6.3 Teaching Pronunciation…………………………………………………………… 145
6.3.1 Practising Pronunciation………………………………………………… 147
6.4 Teaching Culture…………………………………………………………………… 152
6.4.1 Activities in the classroom………………………………………………. 154
7 TEACHING SKILLS……………………………………………………………………… 165
7.1 Teaching Language………………………………………………………………… 165
7.1.1 Practising Listening Skills………………………………………………. 167
7.2 Teaching Reading…………………………………………………………………. 176
7.2.1 Practising Reading………………………………………………………. 178
7.3 Teaching Speaking………………………………………………………………… 187
7.3.1 Speaking Activities……………………………………………………… 189
7.4 Teaching Writing………………………………………………………………….. 196
7.4.1 Practising Writing……………………………………………………….. 198

8 LANGUAGE TESTING…………………………………………………………………… 205
8.1 A Good Test……………………………………………………………………….. 206
8.2 Types of Tests……………………………………………………………………… 208
8.3 Test Construction, Administration and Scoring…………………………………… 209
8.4 Test Techniques…………………………………………………………………… 210
8.4.1 Integrative Tests…………………………………………………………. 210
8.4.2 Discrete Point Tests……………………………………………………… 211
Final remarks………………………………………………………………………………… 221
APPENDIX 1…………………………………………………………………………………. 223
APPENDIX 2…………………………………………………………………………………. 229
APPENDIX 3…………………………………………………………………………………. 231
APPENDIX 4…………………………………………………………………………………. 235
APPENDIX 5…………………………………………………………………………………. 241
APPENDIX 6…………………………………………………………………………………. 243
APPENDIX 7…………………………………………………………………………………. 257
APPENDIX 8…………………………………………………………………………………. 263
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………….. 265
Resource materials…………………………………………………………………………… 272